If you're going to Carnaval in Rio, Salvador or Olinda, secure hotel reservations as far in advance as possible. That also holds true for Rio's Reveillon (New Year's Eve). If you're hitting other major festivals, book your room in advance - often easily done over the Internet. During the busy summer season (December to March), it's also wise to book ahead.
Brazil is a large country, with vast distances between destinations. If you plan to visit a number of regions, consider purchasing a Brazil Airpass, which allows you up to five in-country flights at a set rate. These tickets must be purchased outside the country.
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